FOREARM

AP projection

Pathology demonstrated:

Fractures and dislocations of the radius or

ulna

• Pathologic processes such as osteomyeli-

tis or arthritis

IR size :

30*35cm (11 × 14 inches)for smaller pt

35 × 43 cm (14 × 17 inches), for long forearms

SID : 100cm

Lengthwise / tabletop

Shield radiosensitive tissues outside region of interest.

Patient position : Seat patient at end of table, with hand and arm

fully extended and palm up (supinated)

Part position :

Drop shoulder to place entire upper limb on same horizontal

plane.

• Align and center forearm to long axis of IR, ensuring that both

wrist and elbow joints are included. (Use as large an IR as

necessary.)

• Instruct patient to lean laterally as necessary to place entire wrist,

forearm, and elbow in as near a true frontal position as possible.

(Medial and lateral epicondyles should be the same distance

from IR.)

CR : CR perpendicular to IR, directed to mid-forearm

Collimation :

Collimate lateral borders to actual

forearm area with minimal collimation at both ends to avoid cutting

off anatomy at either joint. Considering divergence of the x-ray

beam, ensure that a minimum of 3 to 4 cm (1 to 11

2 inches) distal

to wrist and elbow joints is included on IR.

criteria:

Anatomy Demonstrated: • AP projection of the entire radius

and ulna is shown, with a minimum of proximal row carpals

and distal humerus and pertinent soft tissues, such as fat

pads and stripes of the wrist and elbow joints.

Position: • Long axis of forearm should be aligned with long

axis of IR. • No rotation is evidenced by humeral epicondyles

visualized in profile, with radial head, neck, and tuberosity

slightly superimposed by the ulna. • Wrist and elbow joint

spaces are only partially open because of beam divergence.

• CR and center of collimation field should be to the

approximate midpoint of the radius and ulna.

Exposure: • Optimal density (brightness) and contrast with

no motion should visualize soft tissue and sharp, cortical

margins and clear, bony trabecular markings.

(الصورة اليمين : lateral)
(الصورة اليسار : AP)

LATERAL—LATEROMEDIAL

Pathology demonstrated:

Fractures and dislocations of the radius or

ulna

• Pathologic processes, such as osteomyeli-

tis or arthritis

IR size :

30 × 35 cm (11 × 14 inches), for smaller patients

35 × 43 cm (14 × 17 inches), for long forearms

lengthwise / tabletop

SID : 100cm

Shield radiosensitive tissues outside region of interest.

Part position:

Drop shoulder to place entire upper limb on same horizontal

plane.

• Align and center forearm to long axis of IR; ensure that both

wrist and elbow joints are included on IR.

• Rotate hand and wrist into true lateral position, and support

hand to prevent motion, if needed. (Ensure that distal radius

and ulna are superimposed directly.)

• For heavy muscular forearms, place support under hand and

wrist as needed to place radius and ulna parallel to IR.

CR : CR perpendicular to IR, directed to mid-forearm

Collimation :

Collimate both lateral borders to the

actual forearm area. Also, collimate at both ends to avoid cutting

off anatomy at either joint. Considering divergence of the x-ray

beam, ensure that a minimum of 3 to 4 cm (1 to 11

2 inches) distal

to wrist and elbow joints is included on IR.

criteria :

Anatomy Demonstrated: • Lateral projection of entire radius

and ulna, proximal row of carpal bones, elbow, and distal end

of the humerus are visible as well as pertinent soft tissue,

such as fat pads and stripes of the wrist and elbow joints.

Position: • Long axis of forearm should be aligned with long

axis of IR. • Elbow should be flexed 90°. • No rotation as

evidenced by head of ulna being superimposed over the

radius, and humeral epicondyles should be

superimposed. • Radial head should superimpose coronoid

process, with radial tuberosity demonstrated. • CR and center

of collimation field should be to midpoint of the radius and

ulna.

Exposure: • Optimal density (brightness) and contrast with

no motion should visualize sharp cortical margins and clear,

sharp bony trabecular markings and fat pads and stripes of

the wrist and elbow joints.

العودة

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